How Computer Have Changed Our Lives - 4660 Words

Information Technology Majors in High Demand Overseas: How Computer Technology Have Changed Our Lives? 1. INTRODUCTION The 21st century is the age of computer technology and it has brought about a fundamental change in every facet of our life. It has largely influenced the way we communicate and the way information exchange is facilitated in todays world. An emergent phenomenon that is a byproduct of advances in computer networking technology is the Internet. It has truly transformed the world into a global village, with every part of the world linked to its vast network. This happened out of the evolution of the field of information technology (IT), which harnesses the power provided by computer technology so, why is it Information†¦show more content†¦With the help of information technology and our increasing dependency on machines, our life has become far easier, but we are more vulnerable now than before. Information Technology (IT) is a wide and varied sector, and is represented in some form in almost all the industries. It is a blend of computers and communication technology where IT professionals perform variety of duties, ranging from development and installation of applications to designing complex computer networks and databases. The information technology industry consists of computers, communication mediums, peripherals, electronics-related organizations, softwares and services. Usage of information technology for the completion of tasks in any organization, speeds up the processing and information mobility, and also improves the reliability and integrity of information. Information technology, while stirring thoughts and visions of networks, the Internet, server rooms, racks of switches and routers, and advanced terms including VoIP, TCP/IP addressing, security and more, the technology doesnt necessarily refer only to computer related issues. Any medium or channel that stores and processes information enters the category of information technology. The brain is an information processor, working to process and manage information that controls our every movement, body functions, and habits. WhicheverShow MoreRelatedHow Computers Affected Peoples Daily Life823 Words   |  4 PagesÇAKIR SECTÄ °ON:75 DATE:28/12/12 ID:1875434 How computers affected people’s daÄ ±ly lÄ ±fe People are affected by many inventions. These inventions many bring slight changes our life. However, Humanity is affected extensively by three inventions: invention of devices, invention of machine, and invention of computer. How can people be affected in their daily life by computers? Computer has affected our lives in three ways. The computer changed our communication habits. Now, when people want toRead MoreManaging Technology1482 Words   |  6 Pages Managing Technology Technology, Information Technology included, have changed our lives in so many ways. It changed how we recorded our thoughts into written words, how we communicate with one another, how we shop, bank, how we keep our memories, most aspect of our lives. It significantly changed the manufacture industry and touched almost every single industry. The first computer was invented in 1939 by Hewlett-Packard in a garage in Palo Alto, California. It was mostly used in military/governmentRead MoreThe Cost Of Computers And Television s Impact On Society1194 Words   |  5 PagesComputers have been around for what seem like decades, it’s a way of life if nothing else we rely on it so much in our daily life. It wasn’t always like this our computer technology has been advancing astronomical. When once computers were seen as a simple calculator for simple calculations. We valued them as they were specialized machines for each person and each person could have a different experience with the computer, recently computers have skyrocketed with improvement in the early 20th centuryRead MoreIs Google Making Us Stupid: Summary and Response Essay1145 Words   |  5 Pageshas changed mankind’s overall culture. From clocks to computers the use of electronics and tools is occurring every day in almost all situations. In Ca rr’s article â€Å"Is Google Making us Stupid?† he introduces the idea how the internet is changing our lives by making us mentally process information differently from the past, based off previous changes in history. Carr explains how we think less deeply and rely on quick facts, versus using critical thinking and research. Also he explains how our brainRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Technology1627 Words   |  7 Pageshas changed every aspect of our lives, whether it was for the better or for the worse. It has a positive impact on our lives because it allows us to connect more with people that are farther away, and it grants us access to information about anything. Unfortunately, it has changed our lives for the worse, too, it makes us over dependent on technology, and it leads to a decline in face to face conversations. Technology that is constantly in our face changes the way we think and carry out our everydayRead MoreProd1332 Words   |  6 Pages The y changed the way we communicate with the world, the way we gather information and the way we see entertainment. This company has made millions and will continue to surprise us each year. Apple’s success has changed the world and many companies to follow. Technology helps shape this company into what they are today. They are the technology. How technology has shaped Apple Apple doesn’t need technology it is the technology. They have produced some of the best personal computers. TheyRead MoreEssay about How the Computer Has Changed American Culture882 Words   |  4 PagesHow the Computer Has Changed American Culture When trying to envision the world of today without computers, I imagine that our lifestyles would be extremely different. As exciting as technological developments may be#8230;it is important to remember that people who lack the skills or the machines to tap into this information are in the same position as those a century ago who could not read or had no access to books (240). These new technologies have undoubtedly altered our sense of whatRead MoreComputer Makes People Become Lazy1111 Words   |  5 Pagesrealized that her computer made a making mistake. Therefore I realized that even a computer made mistake; computers may have revolutionized the way we live and work, but what would happen if they all suddenly crashed? As we increasingly rely on computers to get through the day, the question begs to be asked: have we become too dependent on computers? People has one thing that distinct with other is thinking. We create everything to make our life become easier. Since computer was invented, it wasRead MoreCharles Babbage, A Brilliant And Well Educated Man953 Words   |  4 Pagespolynomials. The Royal Astronomical Society approved of this machine and gave him fifteen hundred dollars to construct it. His father, wife, and infant son all died in 1827. Their deaths stopped the construction of the machine. He was starting to have a mental and emotional breakdown. So, he took a trip to Europe to bounce back and be his happy self again; and be able to finish this wonderful machine. While on his trip he went to Germany, Belgium, Italy, and Netherlands. Babbage had been named theRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Today s Society862 Words   |  4 PagesPrimarily starting in the 1980s, technology has changed dramatically and rather quickly. It has changed from telephones to cell phones, computers to laptops, emailing to text messaging, CD players to iPod, and cable television to Smart TVs; technology is rapidly improving throughout the years. Over the more recent couple of decades, technology has completely changed today’s society. Not only has technology changed the way people communicate, it has also changed healthcare and work by keeping track of everyday

Features Of Typical Entrepreneurial Mindset - 1789 Words

Introduction The meaning of the word entrepreneur has a long history of transformation: from to do something, to work, and then to gradually include various attributes such as risk bearing, requiring skill sets, innovation and being profit-centered. (Cowdrey, 2012) The word changes. So does the group of people represented by the word and their mindset, which has become a research highlight over a decade. As scientists and researchers are making progress, the general characteristics of how expert entrepreneurs think have been summarized and professors have been making attempts to lecture people the essence of such mindset so that more individuals are able to contribute to the society. This essay is focused on the mentioned two aspects: features of typical mindset of successful entrepreneurs and how these can be developed. II. Features of Typical Entrepreneurial Mindset Last century, one uncomplicated but considerably accepted cognitive psychology theory points out that individuals tend to rely on heuristics and biases to process information. This approach adopts rules of thumb, thus curtailing project cycles and accuracy of judgment. It may lead to overconfidence, but more importantly, the possibility of incubating new venture would be much higher. (Busenitz and Barney, 1997) Heuristics methodology also reflects that speed is more valuable than perfection and risk-free from an entrepreneur’s perspective. Entrepreneurship is most appropriate defined inShow MoreRelatedBrand Orientation and Market Orientation — from Alternatives to Synergy8734 Words   |  35 Pagespossible, they are not explored in previous theories, nor labeled as part of branding practice and philosophy. A new type of orientation, a hybrid between brand and marketing orientation, is among the key ï ¬ ndings of this study. The paper articulates typical trajectories for evolving the orientation and aspires to move the discussion from the tug-of-war between the two paradigms by developing a more dynamic view. The study paves the way for better understanding, operationalization and evaluation of alternativeRead MoreAn Integrated Approach to Strategy Innovation.4146 Words   |  17 Pages 96 industry analysis. We need to be constantly asking: who might transform our industry and how might they do it? An understanding of strategy innovation can provide insights into possible non-linear industry transformations. An interesting feature of today’s business environment is that while some companies are pursuing innovative strategies that are redefining their industries, the majority are pursuing strategies that are becoming ever closer to those of their competitors Drivers for strategyRead MoreKey Concepts Of A Successful Startup2402 Words   |  10 PagesYou need three things to create a successful startup Introduction This paper seeks to enlighten certain features of entrepreneurship on the basis of the following statement:â€Å"You need three things to create a successful startup: to start with good people, to make something customers actually want, and to spend as little money as possible.† ― Paul Graham An initial definition of key concepts will be followed by a thorough analysis that will include a variety of relevant topics which will lead up toRead MoreAtlassian6985 Words   |  28 Pagesmore modest means and went through a prestigious public school in Sydney before joining the Business IT program. Avid readers, both were influenced by high-tech entrepreneurial success stories of the likes of Microsoft and HP and the rhetoric of magazines encouraging young people to ride on the Internet boom and embark on entrepreneurial careers. Soon after a positive start in the program Mike became bored and restless, largely due to one of his first internships with an industry sponsor who hadRead MoreI Love Reading Essay69689 Words   |  279 Pagesas a hurdle - Variations according to time period Problems relating to taxation Helpfulness of legal system Availabilty of infrastructure Ofï ¬ ce space with entrepreneurs – Variation according to family background Helpfulness of governme nt The Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Categorization by sector Categorization by time Period Categorization by turnover Categorization by number of employees Categorization by family background 42 42 42 50 54 55 55 56 56 57 58 58 59 71 73 75 78 79 81 82 85 95 103 103Read MoreCold Calling Techniques5132 Words   |  21 Pagespersonal reputation beyond job title and grade †¢ establish relationships and a respect (for you) beyond normal sales responsibilities †¢ and be an entrepreneur. So, do you want to be the human equivalent of junk-mail, or do you want to achieve entrepreneurial reputation and success that will take you anywhere you want to go? Like so many other aspects of business, management, and especially selling, cold-calling is how you see it, and whatever you want to make it. The enormous potential of cold-calling Read MoreLvmh Report7586 Words   |  31 Pagessectors (as mentioned in the introduction) which each group is the combination of the young and old strong brands. Moreover, the independent brand management which translated from the unique culture of each brand help s organization to generate its typical structure and enhances the potency of individual brand (Gooderham Nordhaug, 2003). There are more than 50 renown ed brands in LVMH s Kingdom and each company has its own president, CEO and management team who responsible to deal with its subsidiariesRead MoreThe Strategic Role of Hrm in Multinational Corporations5817 Words   |  24 Pagesby all parties involved that more creative and effective ways of managing people could be develop as a result of cross cultural learning. Going a step further it is not difficult to comprehend that the above has more to do with states of mind and mindsets than with behaviors. A multinational taking the above steps would be better equipped to handle the complex trade off’s inherent in a global strategy. It is likely that if the service management of a multinational corporation does not have a strongRead Moreventure capital Essays16329 Words   |  66 Pages Many times they co-invest with other professional venture capital firms. In addition, many venture partnerships manage multiple funds simultaneously. For decades, venture capitalists have nurtured the growth of Americas high technology and entrepreneurial communities resulting in significant job creation, economic growth and international competitiveness. Companies such as Digital Equipment Corporation, Apple, Federal Express, Compaq, Sun Microsystems, Intel, Microsoft and Genentech are famousRead MoreStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 PagesManagement Beast 2 The Design School Strategy Formation as a Process of Conception 3 The Planning School Strategy Formation as a Formal Process 4 The Positioning School Strategy Formation as an Analytical Process ix 1 23 47 81 5 The Entrepreneurial School Strategy Formation as a Visionary Process 123 6 The Cognitive School Strategy Formation as a Mental Process 149 7 The Learning School Strategy Formation as an Emergent Process 175 8 The Power School Strategy

Informative Speech Outline Essay - 895 Words

I, How many of you have been hearing about bullying? As you may hear on TVs or news or people are talking about the rates of bullying is going up from years to years. II, According to a research survey, bullying occurs once every 7 minutes in schools. Due to the National Youth Violence Prevention Center, almost 30% of adolescences in the USA (or over 5.7 millions) are estimated to take part in bullying either bullying, being bullied or both. Also according to a 2007 nationally representative poll by The Workplace Bullying Institute, 37% of US workforce or 54 million employees have been bullied some time during their work time. III, Bullying can affect anyone, so you can gain something from this speech by being informed about bullying†¦show more content†¦Verbal a. Ways bullies can use language or words to hurt others: name calling, taunting, swearing, spreading rumors, gossip, note writing, laughing at someone’s mistake, insulting nicknames, hate speech, mocking or imitating, threats, abusive remarks, etc. b. Example: Calling someone crybaby, trout mouth; saying nasty things about someone else†¦ 3. Emotional/ Relational: a. Nonverbal: pointing, staring, laughing, making faces, rolling their eyes, making loser signs, or sticking up middle fingers, etc. b. Psychological: excluding, isolating, ignoring or turning their back on someone such as leaving someone out of activities or game, purposely not talking to someone†¦ c. Another type of relational bullying is cyber-bullying is now very popular. Bullies can send emails spreading rumors, making vulnerable digital images of someone els e, texting someone mean messages, online exclusion, videotape assault, etc. II, Bullying has extremely great effects on children so I will go into depth about children’s effects of bullying A. Educational and mental fear always in the bullied’s minds. 1. Keeping secrets and fears become phobia: a. Ashamed of being bullied b. Afraid of retaliation if telling an adult c. Don’t think anyone can help d. Don’t think anyone WILL help e. Lie 1. â€Å"The parent’s book about bullying† states the real effects are: a. skip schools ( In 2001, TheShow MoreRelatedInformative Speech Outline802 Words   |  4 PagesInformative Speech Outline I. Introduction A. Thanks 1. Thanks professor Tuckerman for the introduction. B. Salutation 1. Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. C. Ethos 1. What increases heart rate, causes sleep disturbance, makes people cry, act violent, makes some people sleep more and causes untold aches and pains? It s Wednesday! Six hours of homework to do, babysit the little sister, feed the dog, cut the grass, oh and lets not forget your boyfriend is being a jerkRead MoreInformative Speech Outline2182 Words   |  9 Pageswithout stating to whom these ideas or statements belong to. A student suspected of plagiarism can be given a zero mark, and possibly fail the entire course. Assessment: Impromptu speech 10% Informative speech (15% speech, 5% outline) 20% Show and Tell Poster Session (10% speech, 10% poster) 20% Assignment : Group Interaction 10% Final Examination 40% __________________________________________________________________ Total 100% Read MoreInformative Speech Outline1598 Words   |  7 PagesSamantha Audiffred Honors Comm 110 Marieke Spiegelhoff Informative Speech Outline 25 February 2015 Audience Analysis ( ½ page)   Ã‚  Ã‚   The target audience for the informative speech is the honors communication 110 class and the professor. The class makeup is eight males and twelve females for the 20 students. This is a required course for all students attending UW-Whitewater; therefore, the majors and interests of the students will vary greatly. After an activity polling the class, the most popular ofRead MoreInformative Speech : Speech Outline937 Words   |  4 PagesEmily Murray Informative Speech Outline General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: To inform my audience how Communication Technology is now the face to face human communication; instant, easily accessible and more convenient but you lose a sense of warmth and meaning when all your communication is conducted electronically. Central idea: Humans have always communicated face-to-face and the use of technology poses cognitive obstacles to communication. The lack of human presence during technology-mediatedRead MoreOutline Informative Speech1491 Words   |  6 PagesNAME : Syifa Fadhilah Hamid CLASS : 12 DBM SUBJECT : Outline Informative Speech SPECIFIC PURPOSE : to inform my audience about Deja Vu CENTRAL IDEA : to inform my audience about the theory of Deja Vu. Including what, how and the effect about Deja Vu . INTODUCTION: Attention Getter : I can’t remember any things well while I thought something happened to me, I feel like I ever seen something but I don’t know when it was or where it was. And I also feel like I’ve been somewhere but I don’tRead MoreInformative Speech : Speech Outline1006 Words   |  5 PagesInformative Speech Final Draft Outline I. Introduction A. Attention getter: How many you have ever had a car accident or someone you care about had a car accident? B. Background and Audience Relevance: According to National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, in 2015, about thirty-five hundred people were killed, and four hundred thousand were injured in car crashes. Oral Citation 1: NHTSA, govt website, 2015. C. Speaker credibility: Many of my close family members have been in car accidentsRead MoreOutline Informative Speech1502 Words   |  7 PagesNAME : Syifa Fadhilah Hamid CLASS : 12 DBM SUBJECT : Outline Informative Speech SPECIFIC PURPOSE : to inform my audience about Deja Vu CENTRAL IDEA : to inform my audience about the theory of Deja Vu. Including what, how and the effect about Deja Vu . INTODUCTION: Attention Getter : I can’t remember any things well while I thought something happened to me, I feel like I ever seen something but I don’t know when it was or where it was. And I also feel like I’ve been somewhere but I don’t know whenRead MoreInformative Speech Outline1175 Words   |  5 PagesInformative Speech Outline Speech 131 Author’s Note: This research is being submitted for Title: Taxes Made Easy! Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about how to use the 1040EZ tax form. Central Idea: Today, I hope to make tax season easier for you by demonstrating to you how easy it is to fill out and file the 1040EZ income tax form, if you qualify. Introduction Stanton Delaplane once joked about the IRS, saying he heard it had suggested a simplified tax form with onlyRead MoreInformative Speech : Speech Outline1066 Words   |  5 PagesInformative Speech Outline I. Introduction a. Attention Material a. Raise your hand if you have or are currently working retail. b. According to Quentin Fottrell, from Market Watch, â€Å"Nearly 4 out of 5 U.S. students†¦ work while in school.† b. Tie to Audience a. Many of you have most likely experienced working retail or know someone who has. c. Credibility a. I recently worked 9 months in Bath and Body Works, so I am well aware of all of the horrors of working in retail. d. Thesis a. Working inRead MoreInformative Speech Outline1104 Words   |  5 PagesBCOM-3950 October 21, 2015 Informative speech outline Specific Purpose: To inform the audience how to enhance credibility when making conversation at work-related social events. Central Idea: To inform my classmates how to enhance credibility when making conversation at work-related social event by engaging in a conversation, being honesty, and keep confidences. Introduction: I. Today I would like to inform you on how to enhance your credibility when making conversation at work-related

Essay about Descartes View on the Senses - 652 Words

Descartes first meditation included a few arguments that Descartes studied and analyze. The one I choose to analyze was his argument of sense deception. The actually argument is the following: (1) My senses sometimes deceive me. (2) If my senses sometimes deceive me, then they might always deceive me. (3) If my senses might always deceive me, then I cannot be certain about any beliefs acquired through my senses. (4) If I cannot be certain about any beliefs acquired through my senses, then I must suspend judgment on those beliefs. (5) Therefore I must suspend my judgment of those beliefs. To put this is premise conclusion argument form, it would look like this: - A - If A then B - If B then C - If C then D - Therefore D This form is†¦show more content†¦1993. Meditations on First Philosophy. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company, page 14 pencil in a glass of water, the pencil will look like it is broken in half, but it is just the property of water that makes it seem like it’s broken. The next premise is that if my senses sometimes deceive me, then they might always deceive me. He stated that, â€Å"In a mark of prudence never to place our complete trust in those who have deceived us even once2.† So what Descartes means is that if someone or something deceives you once, there is a possibility that it will deceive you again. So you cannot fully trust that someone or something. His third premise was, â€Å"If my senses might always deceive me, then I cannot be certain about any beliefs acquired through my senses.† Descartes demands certainty. Therefore if something deceives him once, he cannot be certain it will not deceive him again. He cannot base any of his be liefs on his sense since he is not certain about his sense misleading him. His last premise was, â€Å"If I cannot be certain about any beliefs acquired through my senses, then I must suspend judgment on those beliefs.† Since he feels he cannot be certain about any beliefs that he gets from senses, he has to stop making conclusion based on those beliefs he got from his senses, because of his lack of certainty. Then he concludes by saying he must suspend judgment on those beliefs. This argument is a form of multiple modus ponens.Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Descartes s The Meditations Essay1285 Words   |  6 PagesAbility to Perceive In the Meditations, Descartes abandons his views about everything he knows in the world. During this he discusses the idea of senses relying on the mind rather than the body. The role of senses is shown through his demonstration of the wax example and the ever changing properties the wax entailed. â€Å"The perception I have of it is a case not of vision or touch or imagination†¦but purely of mental scrutiny.† (Descartes 31) To Descartes, the senses were deceiving and could not be solelyRead MoreDescartes : The Father Of Modern Philosophy1055 Words   |  5 Pagesthe fact that I am something.† (Descartes, â€Å"Meditations on First Philosophy,† 182) Rene Descartes is widely considered the father of modern philosophy. He created many new ideas about the self, which is something that has been contested since the dawn of philosophy. Even now, the world is nowhere near a unified thought on the soul. Descartes is most famous for addressing this, and is often summarized by the famous â€Å"Cogito Ergo Sum (I think, therefore I am)†Descartes offers a great deal of importantRead MoreMetaphysical Studies Of The Self And Personal Identity1395 Words   |  6 PagesMetaphysical studies of the self and personal identity were near non-existent prior to Renà © Descartes’ â€Å"Meditations on First Philosophy†. While â€Å"Meditations† was not written with the main focus on personal identity, Descartes makes assertions regarding the subject through the possessive voice. Most of the assertions regarding personal identity materialize in Mediations two and six. By using â€Å"I† in his essay, his epistemologi cal paper is turned into a paper that also concerns self, consciousnessRead MoreDescartes: Knowledge is Truth Essay1202 Words   |  5 PagesDescartes: Knowledge is Truth With the emergence of the scientific revolution in the 17th century, views of society and nature were transformed throughout Europe. There were great developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry. The world and its views were changing, and with that change, came a new change in thought, a new change in philosophy. Apart from ancient Greek philosophy, which was centered on finding order in a vast variety of things by searching for a fundamentalRead MoreThe Views On The Senses, But At The Same Time1368 Words   |  6 PagesMichael Geathers Philosophy S. Yeng 10/2/15 The topic of paper will involve an in-depth discussion of two differing views on the senses, but at the same time. These two epistemological and ontological views have been discussed by French philosopher Rene Descartes and Greek philosopher, Socrates. The first view, where Socrates proposes that in understanding knowledge, the senses should not be of great importance to humanity. He instead believes that understanding the world of ideas is the theoryRead MoreDescartes vs. Locke1175 Words   |  5 PagesPhilosophy Essay (Descartes vs. Locke) Socrates once said, â€Å"As for me, all I know is that I know nothing.† Several philosophers contradicted Socrates’ outlook and believed that true knowledge was in fact attainable. This epistemological view however had several stances to it, as philosophers held different beliefs in regards to the derivation of true knowledge. Rationalists believed that the mind was the source of true knowledge, while in Empiricism, true knowledge derived from the senses. Rene DescartesRead MoreDescartes Argument For The Discovery Of Scientific Truth Essay1192 Words   |  5 Pagesoffered by Renà © Descartes in Rules for the Discovery of Scientific Truth. In order to accomplish this task, I will discern and explain Descartes’ argument, offer what I consider to be the most significant objection to the argument, and contemplate how Descartes would reply to my objection. For the purposes of explanation, I will temporarily put aside the first sentence of the paragraph in which Descartes’ argument can be found. The second sentence of the paragraph begins with Descartes discussing howRead MoreThe Philosophical View Of Empiricism1382 Words   |  6 Pages Today in society, many people are free to follow which ever philosophical view that they feel is right for them. Each philosophical view has a different set of beliefs, and many philosophers went through great lengths to prove that the philosophical view of their choice was the best one. In this paper I will be talking about two philosophical theories. The first one is called Empiricism, and it was made famous by a philosopher named David Hume. Empiricism states that our knowledge should comeRead MoreDescartes Views on the Topic of Philosophy of Mind Essay755 Words   |  4 PagesDescartes Views on the Topic of Philosophy of Mind Descartes has indeeed made some notable contributions towards the philosophy of mind. It is the aim of this essay to discuss these contributions. Descartes is well known for being an avid dualist. This is the view that the mind and body are understood to be seperate and distinct from each other, but in some way causally connected. Descartes was no exception and believed the mind and body to be two completely differentRead MoreRene Descartes s Philosophy And The Science Of Philosophy1114 Words   |  5 PagesRene Descartes was a rationalist who is considered the father of modern philosophy, primarily because his ideas departed from current understanding in the early 17th century, which was more feeling based (Biography.com). He was born on March 31, 1956, in France and was a very educated man. His mother sent him to a boarding school which was considered college at an early age of 8. Additionally, by the age of 22 he had obtained his degree as a lawyer. To further this, he believed that all truths were

Advice to Joseph and Clara -Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Advice Joseph and Clara of their legal rights and obligations, and the likelihood of a successful action being brought by either Peter or Richard. Answer: Contract law, as the name suggests, is a law surrounding the contracts and is covered under the common law. In the following parts, the aspects of contract formation have been discussed, along with the frustration of contract and this has been done with reference to the case study given. After the application of the different aspects of the contract law in this case, it has been established that a claim by Richard would be successful against Clara and Joseph. And it would also be established that a claim against Richard would also not be successful. To best state the definition of contract, reference has to be made to such a promise, which is undertaken between two or a higher number of parties, for doing something, in exchange for consideration[1]. For a contract to have legal binding qualities, it needs to have the basics of offer, acceptance, consideration, consent, capacity, legality of objects and intent[2]. The contract starts when an offer is made by party A to party B. There is a need to clearly distinguish between an invitation to treat and an offer. The former shows the interest of the parties and the need to initiate the negotiations of the contract and the latter denotes an intention to form lawful relation[3]. For instance, the magazine or the newspaper adverts are invitation to treat and not an offer. A leading example is Partridge v Crittenden[4] it was held that the magazine advert was an invitation to treat. And in such cases, even when he adverts is a selling advert; the person is not bounded to sell the product. Though, if the wordings of the advert are such that a unilateral offer is presented, it is deemed as an offer, as was held in Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company[5]. In the given case study, an advert was given by Joseph in the newspaper and this would be deemed as an invitation to treat as the option of further negotiations was open here, in the manner of invitation of prices. The reason for holding this advert as an invitation to treat is that the quotes have been invited here; unlike an offer, where a clear price is contained for the promise being asked for, here, the price is uncertain. And it requires more communication to clear the exact offer. Hence, based on Partridge v Crittenden, Clara and Joseph were not under the compulsion of accepting the communication sent by Richard or Peter. The communication sent on 8th April 2017 by Richard and that of Peters 12th April 2017 would be considered as offer. The next step in contract formation is acceptance of offer which has been made. The acceptance has to be given by the person to whom the offer had been made and it has to be given to the offer which was made[6]. If, while communicating this acceptance, the terms are modified, it would be considered as a counter offer, as was held in Hyde v. Wrench[7]. The date of acceptance is deemed as the date on which the communication of acceptance reaches the party which made the offer. However, an exception to this rule is the postal rules of acceptance. As per these rules, the date of posting the letter is considered as the acceptance date[8]. This is due to the notion that the postal office is the implied agent of the offering party and the receipt by the postal office is considered as the receipt by the offering party. And the delivery date of such communication remains irrelevant[9]. Adams v. Lindsell[10] was a case where this principle resulted in the enforceability of the contract. The po stal rules of acceptance are also applicable on email communication and this is true for both offer and acceptance[11]. In the given case study, the offer had been sent through the email. Hence, on the basis of the postal rules, the email date is the offer date. Richard made an offer to Joseph through email on 13th April and this would be the date of offer based on postal rules. The offer was immediately accepted and so, the date of acceptance would be 13th April, 2017. Another crucial element in a contract is consideration, the absence of which renders the contract invalid[12]. In the given case study, the consideration for Richard was $40 per square meter. Peter emailed on 12th April that he wanted to do the work at a price of $38 per square meter. This communication was not given any response. The date of offer on the basis of postal rules would be 12th April. However, the offer of Peter was not accepted earlier and instead, the offer of higher rate, made by Richard was accepted. The consideration was $38 per square meter, based on the offer made by them through their respective emails. The contractual terms were very clear and it is assumed that there was consent and capacity present between the parties, as nothing suggests otherwise. There was no illegality in the contractual terms[13]. Hence owing to the presence of requisite elements of a contract, a legally binding contract was formed with Richard; however, the same was not done with peter owing to the lack of acceptance. The lack of acceptance for Peter can be derived from the case of Powell v. Lee[14], where it was obligated that the acceptance be communicated. Peter was given no such communication where the acceptance could have been deemed as accepted. And so, it is clear that due to the absence of proper acceptance, the contract would not be formed as it is a crucial element of contract. The exclusion clause in the contracts is one clause which can restrict and limit the liabilities of the party inserting it[15]. The exclusion clause, in the case study given here, was present in the standard form given by Richard, instead of the main contract. As this was not brought to the attention of Joseph, it would be invalid, as per Chapelton v Barry UDC[16]. However, the exclusion clause is not of much use in this case. This is due to the actions undertaken by Joseph which stopped Richard from continuing his work. This clause would be helpful if Joseph makes a claim against Richard for the collapse of the floor. Though, the invalidity of the exclusion clause would result in this claim being made unsuccessful. The given case study highlights that Richard could not complete his work owing to the actions of Joseph. So, even when Richard was the one who did not finish his part of obligation under the contract, the breach of contract would be on part of Joseph. This is because he was deliberately stopped from discharging his part of the obligation. If one of the parties deliberately stops the other party from performing their promise, they cannot cite a breach on the part of the party who has been stopped from working. Moreover, this behavior of Joseph would be deemed as a breach of contract as he was under an obligation to let Richard do his part of the contract. Joseph is the one who breached the promise made under the contract by stopping Richard and not the other way round. And owing to the actions of Joseph, Richard can apply for monetary compensation for the ensuing breach of contract. However, the same cannot be done by Peter owing to an absence of contract between them. Once the incident took place, Joseph contacted Peter for his offer and changed the terms. On the basis of Hyde v. Wrench, this communication would be deemed as a counter offer. The contract which was formed here afterwards had the work still as incomplete, as Peter did not start any work. As the contract was not concluded in this case, the contract cannot be discharged yet. Clara and Joseph could have made a counter claim only when Richard had been at fault in discharging his obligations. Even though a claim can be made for improper work, resulting in flooding, there was no refusal on part of Richard to fix the issue or to finish the work. The actions of Clara and Joseph resulted in a deliberate discharge of contract, and hence, not only would they be liable, but would also get no counter claims. When one part is ready to undertake their part of the promise but the other party does not accept it, the party which seeks to perform the contract is discharged from the contract and the party which is not ready to accept the performance is liable for the damages[17]. For this, the case of Startup v MacDonald[18] proves helpful. Due to these reasons, Clara and Joseph would be liable for the damages due to non-acceptance. And for this, they cannot make a claim against Richard owing to their non-acceptance. To conclude the entire discussion, Clara and Joseph would not be successful in their actions against Richard as their actions led to a discharge of contract by breach. And the invalidity of exclusion clause does not play any role for Richard, owing to the fault of Clara and Joseph. Had it been Richards fault, and had the exclusion clause been valid, it would have helped Richard in evading his liability. But, as neither the exclusion clause was valid, nor it was Richards fault (as Clara and Joseph had stopped him, resulting in breach on their party), the exclusion clause does not hold any key role. Lastly, there is no liability of Clara and Joseph with the contract which was formed with Peter, as this contract was formed after the whole incident with Richard took place and does not have any aspect of performance or breach in the question after the occurrence of incident between Richard and Joseph-Clara. Hence, it is advisable to Clara and Joseph that they should refrain from raising a n issue against Richard as it was their fault in stopping Richard from finishing his work. And even though they have signed the exclusion clause, it would not result in change in their position. And since, the contract has not yet been concluded Clara and Joseph should refrain from raising any issue against him. Bibliography Abbott K, Pendlebury N, and Wardman K, Business law (Thompson Learning, 8th ed, 2007) Andrews N, Contract Law (Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed, 2015) Carter JW, Elisabeth Peden and Greg Tolhurst, Contract Law in Australia (LexisNexis Butterworths, 5th ed, 2007) Davies PS, JC Smith's the Law of Contract (Oxford University Press, 2016) Elliott C, and Quinn F, Contract Law (Pearson Education Limited, 9th ed, 2013) Furmston M, and Tolhurst GJ, Contract Formation: Law and Practice (Oxford University Press, 2010) Latimer P, Australian Business Law 2012 (CCH Australia Limited, 31st ed, 2012) Lawson RG, Exclusion Clauses and Unfair Contract Terms (Sweet Maxwell, 10th ed, 2011) Macdonald E, and Atkins R, Koffman Macdonald's Law of Contract (Oxford University Press, 8th ed, 2014) McKendrick, E Contract Law (Pearson Education Limited, 11th ed, 2015) Adams v. Lindsell (1818) 106 ER 250 Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company [1893] 1 QB 256 Chapelton v Barry UDC (1940) 1 KB 532 Hyde v. Wrench (1840) 3 Beav 334 Partridge v Crittenden [1968] 1 WLR 1204 Powell v. Lee (1908) 99 L.T. 284 Startup v MacDonald (1843) 6 Mann G 593 Contract Law E-Law Resources, Discharge through performance (2017) https://e-lawresources.co.uk/Discharge-through-performance.php Elizabeth Macdonald and Ruth Atkins, Koffman Macdonald's Law of Contract (Oxford University Press, 8th ed, 2014) John W. Carter, Elisabeth Peden and Greg Tolhurst, Contract Law in Australia (LexisNexis Butterworths, 5th ed, 2007) Keith Abbott, Norman Pendlebury and Kevin Wardman, Business law (Thompson Learning, 8th ed, 2007) [1968] 1 WLR 1204 [1893] 1 QB 256 Paul Latimer, Australian Business Law 2012 (CCH Australia Limited, 31st ed, 2012) (1840) 3 Beav 334 Neil Andrews, Contract Law (Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed, 2015) Ewan McKendrick, Contract Law (Pearson Education Limited, 11th ed, 2015) (1818) 106 ER 250 Catherine Elliott and Frances Quinn, Contract Law (Pearson Education Limited, 9th ed, 2013) Michael Furmston and G.J. Tolhurst, Contract Formation: Law and Practice (Oxford University Press, 2010) Paul S Davies, JC Smith's the Law of Contract (Oxford University Press, 2016) (1908) 99 L.T. 284 Richard G. Lawson, Exclusion Clauses and Unfair Contract Terms (Sweet Maxwell, 10th ed, 2011) (1940) 1 KB 532 E-Law Resources, Discharge through performance (2017) https://e-lawresources.co.uk/Discharge-through-performance.php (1843) 6 Mann G 593

Overview of the New Payment Platform-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Overview of the New Payment Platform. Answer: Introduction The New Payment Platform (NPP) is a large industry-grade payment portal being developed by the reserve bank of Australia. This decision was taken by the board to produce an innovative payment system for the country. The platform will be the new national structure for the implementation of a fast, flexible and payment platform in Australia. The New Payment Platform is to go online in the second half of 2017 (Hayashi 2015). The report further discusses about the overview of the New Payment Platform, what cryptography method should be used by the organization to implement the payment portal and save the data from theft and the analysis of the Public Key Infrastructure to support New Payment Platform. Overview of New Payment Platform (NPP) The new payment platform (NPP)? The New Payment Platform is the new infrastructure created for doing payment for the economy of Australia. The evolving trend of being active 24/7 has prompted the creation of this payment portal for consumers, business and the government to make faster and more data rich payment. The site offers real time clearance and settlement of the payment procedures between two or more persons at the same time. The portal can simplify the usage procedure by using addition information like addressing service (Chaaya and Anderson 2017). The New Payment Platform Australia and 13 other financial companies, which even a larger addition of more financial services when the infrastructure is sent online, are developing the platform. It has been found that once the service goes online than most of the Australian banks will be able to do data rich transactions. The outreach will increase gradually as more institutions and organizations will join the platform (Tellez 2017). The first product to be delive red by the NPP will be Osko made by BPAY. The platform will enable the users to send money to anyone connected to the system at any time of the day with the use of a much simpler addressing method like phone numbers or email address. Benefits of the new payment platform (NPP). The most obvious benefits of the New Payment Platform is the immediate transfer of funds from one account to another. Making of large purchase can be done easily as the money can be easily transferred from the account of the buyer to the seller (Tompkins and Olivares 2016). Small everyday sale and purchase can be easily done without much hassle of the use of the check system. The users will be able to use their mobile phones to transfer the funds instantly. Apart from the usage to transfer and receive funds easily, it can also be used to make a revolutionized transfer of authentic information with the money being transferred. The use of ISO 20022 is used to predefine a regulation format for sending and receiving of messages (Lindsay 2015). This benefit will allow the users to do free texting like the memo section of the check they were using before. The additional information is termed as overlays. This changes the way the application can be used by the users. As the messages are ext ensive overlays the banks does not require being the intermediary of the messaging system. Potential risks of the new payment platform (NPP). The officials have not yet disclosed the main potential risks about the New Payment Platform. The report suggest some of the risks that may be associated with any type of online payment portal: Network issues if the users or the organization does not get adequate bandwidth of data transfer then they will not be able to use the system. Hackers threat from the hackers are always there. Cyber-attacks are always occurring in different banking organizations, which are mainly targeted for their money (Guo et al. 2015). Data theft stealing of the information of the clients and the banks connected to the system can cause issues of data theft. The data of such systems are of huge risk if it falls in the wrong hands. Fraud fraud payment mechanism of credit transfer into phantom account will be one of the largest risk the portal can face (Zhiling et al. 2015). Wrong username input: as the system uses a new type of addressing mechanism like phone numbers or email address, the sender can make a mistake in entering the details, which might result in the wrong transfer of the funds. This can be removed by using a one-time password, which would allow the sender to check the details of the transaction before confirming it. Cryptography to be Used in New Payment Platform (NPP) Cryptography is the implementation of data protection process where the data is merged with a security key to produce a new information safe from hacking. After encryption, the data cannot be read easily without knowing the key that was used to perform the encryption (Hing, Kelly and Olivan 2017). The same key needs to be used on the encrypted data to decrypt it and retrieve the original information. The process is used to safeguard the data from the hands of hacker and data thiefs. The encryption procedure has four steps as a whole for the payment portal: Encryption algorithm: The use of Data Encryption Standard (DES) is problematic as it is a 56-bit key encryption method. This is short for the use of a portal gateway platform. Thus, an improved version was developed for the use in payment gateways termed as triple DES. It uses a 168 bits key encryption bits. This is acceptable to be used in the payment gateway implementation (Nwogugu 2016). Another encryption method known as advanced encryption standard has also been proposed, but the calculation is slow. Thus, the best-suited encryption standard is triple DES for the gateway implementation. Applicable Areas: The information of the clients and the banks should be encrypted wherever applicable. Any type of email conversation or messages should be encrypted so prevent data theft (Pollari 2016). As all of the transaction and the application will be using wireless network the transfer packets and the network should be protected to prevent eavesdropping on the network packets. Encryption Keys: The encryption keys should be shared with a limited number of people of the organization. The keys should also be stored at secured places. Key Management process: The keys generated should be strong enough to be able to do all types of encryptions securely. Keys should be shared using secured channels of communication. Periodic changing of the keys help to secure the encryption format better. Once a new key is generated, the old key should be destroyed (Neyer 2014). The best way to store the keys is to split the key up into two or three parts and share the parts among two or three people. This would help in securing the key. Any activity, which is being done using the key, should be logged into a file for future checking. If at any point the key is compromised then the key has to be changed immediately. Key management procedure is completely automated. Thus producing a better-secured form of encryption. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) to Support New Payment Platform (NPP) In 2005, the developers of New Payment Platform signed a contract with SWIFT to help the organization with designing, building and operating the platform for the organization. SWIFT in one of their official reports regarding their working in the New Payment Platform has stated that they will be implementing the public key infrastructure (PKI) in the messaging channel that will be used in the system (Bott and Milkau 2016). All users of the portal will be able to use the facility of PKI to have full authenticated messaging between the user and the client. SWIFT has stated that they have the use of advanced design, which will promote fast transaction methods and keep the time used low with the help of the advanced PKI system. The PKI system will have powerful decentralizing validation processing and preprocessing benefits for the details being exchanged. Conclusion From the above report it can be concluded that the New Payment Platform will be an innovation for the Australian nation. The users and the bank clients will be able to do their transaction in a better way than before. The implementation of the encryption procedure will be helpful for the users to have safe transactions for their business and the availability of the portal on a 24/7/365 days make it more intriguing to be used by the organizations. The option to add memo with the transaction amount will help them to follow the transaction trail as they used to do with the checking mechanism with the banks. The option of transferring large amount of money also helps large companies to do their transactions easily and in less amount of time. Key Recommendations The recommendation for the organization crating such a good portal for organizations and banks to use can only be summarized to say that, they should put security as their top priority. Using the applications and the payment portal by the organizations and the clients should be made secured with the help of encryption of the data. The most important aspect that any user will search for in any organization that will be dealing with their money is security. Using better encryption standard in the messaging and the transaction as if the above discussed triple data encryption standard mechanism References Bott, J. and Milkau, U., 2016. Towards a framework for the evaluation and design of distributed ledger technologies in banking and payments. Journal of Payments Strategy Systems, 10(2), pp.153-171. Chaaya, M. and Anderson, P., 2017. Regulatory reform agenda: What does it mean for the banks?. Governance Directions, 69(4), p.228. Guo, Z., Kauffman, R.J., Lin, M. and Ma, D., 2015. Near real-time retail payment and settlement systems mechanism design. Hayashi, F., 2015. Faster payments in the United States: how can private sector systems achieve public policy goals?. Hing, A., Kelly, G. and Olivan, D., 2017. The Cash Market. The Sensitivity of Personal Income to GDP Growth 1 Factors Affecting an Individuals Future Labour Market Status 11 Measures of Inflation Expectations in Australia 23 The Cash Market 33 The Future of Cash 43, 4, p.33. Lindsay, S., 2015. ISO 20022 and real-time domestic payments. Journal of Payments Strategy Systems, 9(1), pp.22-29. Neyer, G., 2014. Lessons learned from 24/7 payments operations. Journal of Payments Strategy Systems, 8(2), pp.129-146. Nwogugu, M.C., 2016. Corporate Governance, Financial Stability and Evolving Insurtech: The Case of Insurance Australia Group (2011-2016). Pollari, I., 2016. THE RISE OF FINTECH: opportunities and challenges. JASSA, (3), p.15. Tellez, E., 2017. The Ongoing Decline of the Cheque System. Houses and Apartments in Australia 1 Estimating the NAIRU and the Unemployment Gap 13 Australian Capital Flows 23 Banking Fees in Australia 35 How Have Australian Banks Responded to Tighter Capital, p.57. Tompkins, M. and Olivares, A., 2016. Clearing and Settlement Systems from Around the World: A Qualitative Analysis. Bank of Canada= Banque du Canada. Zhiling, G.U.O., KAUFFMAN, R.J., Mei, L.I.N. and Dan, M.A., 2015. Near Real-Time Retail Payment and Settlement Systems Mechanism Design.